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Back in his final years of high school, Roger was doing what most people do 鈥� trying to work out what he was interested in studying at uni. Sociology, the study of the development, structure and functioning of human society, was something he fell into by accident. At the time, Canberra 颅鈥� where he鈥檚 from 鈥� was trial-offering a more diverse set of subjects to high school students, and when he attended his first sociology class, he instantly thought 鈥淭his is for me鈥�, explaining 鈥淚t took on the questions I thought no one else was asking and tried to engage with them in as rigorous and scientific a way that it could鈥�.

Throughout his academic career, he鈥檚 worked in a number of primary research areas, some of the more recent work being the sociology of emotions, emotion management and wellbeing, social capital, social connection and social networks.

In , Roger has found evidence that face-to-face interaction is declining while online interaction is increasing. The concern about social media and loneliness lies in the idea that we may accidently be replacing our in-person interactions with online interactions, missing out on a big part of what our human nature craves: connection.

Using social media to organise to meet in person is great. A lot of people say, 鈥淚鈥檇 delete Facebook if it weren鈥檛 for the events鈥�, but how much of social media has crept its way into our in-person interactions too? Have you caught up with friends only to have the event taken over by the need to take photos for social media? Have you ever simultaneously scrolled the gram while waiting for the train with a friend? Have you sent memes to friends across the table at a bar? Has our world become so social media dependent that even our in-person interactions can鈥檛 be sustained without it? And will this have devastating impacts on our connections, making us more and more susceptible to higher feelings of loneliness.

What is loneliness?

To understand the issue more fully, Roger says we first have to ask the question: what is loneliness? He explains, 鈥渓oneliness is defined as a deficit or gap between the desired or necessary connections you have with people, and the actual connections you have with people.鈥� Which he emphasises is not about the amount of friends you have, but instead that you don鈥檛 have 鈥渢he right quality of friends鈥�.

However, defining loneliness doesn鈥檛 stop there. He goes on, 鈥淭hrough various forms of research they鈥檝e found there are several different kinds of loneliness鈥� The two most common are social and emotional loneliness.

鈥淪ocial loneliness is when you鈥檙e lacking good quality friends 鈥� those connections where you feel a resonance with the person, or group, and they fulfill you in some way, or make you feel you鈥檙e a part of something鈥�. This form of loneliness is often associated with depression, meaningless interaction, and detachment.

鈥淓motional loneliness on the other hand, is about a lack of intense supportive connections we have with the people most important to us.鈥� This form of loneliness is often linked to anxiety and feeling unsupported.

Loneliness is also a difficult subject to broach, given the stigma surrounding it. You don鈥檛 want to be the person who admits to feeling lonely because you might appear as incapable of making friends or as an object of pity.

Roger makes the distinction that young people using social media are not necessarily experiencing an increase in social loneliness, but instead are experiencing an increase in emotional loneliness. 鈥淪ocial media takes away from the time they spend connecting in person; the intimate closeness that alleviates emotional loneliness鈥�. So although young people tend to do pretty well interacting virtually, and their social loneliness isn鈥檛 much of a worry, allowing their digital focus to spill out into their face-to-face interactions could be having a negative impact on their emotional loneliness.

Although he warns against calling it an epidemic of loneliness, Roger does warn that COVID-19 may have had a big impact on our levels of disconnection. He also stresses that some people are impacted more than others, with teenagers and people in their early twenties particularly vulnerable to emotional loneliness.

The three types of social media behaviours and the ones to avoid:

So is social media to blame? Well, maybe not social media itself, but instead the way we are using it. 

Passive 鈥� If you scroll through your feed aimlessly and don鈥檛 interact with anything, often comparing yourself with others online. This is an indicator of higher loneliness.

Broadcast 鈥� If you鈥檙e posting or sharing without caring who鈥檚 seeing, only to receive affirmation back. This is also an indicator of higher loneliness.

Interactive 鈥� Social media use where you tag people, you comment back and forth, and make an effort to engage with others. This behaviour is linked to lower loneliness and is the best way to use social media.

鈥淪ocial media can be a useful tool, but everyone has to remember that it鈥檚 a means, not an ends."

 

Roger says, "It should be used to help people build their whole lives 颅鈥� their online and offline life. It definitely shouldn鈥檛 detract from your offline life.鈥�

Like many experts looking at the impact of social media, Roger suggests 鈥渨e need to attach some warning labels鈥�. Similarly, ex-social media employers in Netflix documentary The Social Dilemma, also felt that the giants had taken their power too far. 鈥淲e鈥檙e training and conditioning a whole new generation of people that when we are uncomfortable or lonely or uncertain or afraid, we have a digital pacifier for ourselves,鈥� said Tristan Harris, former design ethicist at Google and co-founder of Centre for Humane Technologies.

In the documentary, they also spoke about the way social media is intrinsically designed to addict us, to change our behaviour and our way of thinking. This can make interacting in a healthy way with the platforms difficult to do. The old adage goes, 鈥榠f you鈥檙e not paying for the product, you are the product鈥�. The main objective of these companies is to keep us on our phones as long as they can, so that their ad revenue continues to grow. The design of the social media interface has been likened to slot machines, giving it this addictive quality. The dopamine hits you get when you receive a notification, see a post that鈥檚 been specifically selected for you by the algorithm, or even when your feed refreshes; these designs are used to keep us coming back.

鈥淲hat I would advocate is for people putting their phones away when they鈥檙e hanging out with their friends and family.鈥� Says Roger, who laments the lack of serendipitous interactions in everyday life and the way a book held by a person on a bus, once gave something away about who they are and what they鈥檙e interested in.

If you鈥檙e struggling to maintain a healthy relationship with social media or are experiencing loneliness, try using the time spent on your phone for proper interaction, not just passive browsing or broadcasting. Some other emotional management skills to improve your connections with others are suggested by Roger below:

Doing activities 鈥� Better than anything else, is getting together with people. Find a group of like-minded people that you can meet up with. Examples include discussion groups, exercise groups, language groups etc.

Relationship skills 鈥� There are training programs to better understand how to build relationships or readjust your expectations in your relationships.

Cognitive training 鈥� Positive psychology, mindfulness and cognitive behaviour therapy approaches can help you deal with maladaptive emotions 鈥� those that make you jealous, anxious and depressed.

Interested in this and topics like it? Study social sciences at UOW.

Associate Professor Roger Patulny is a published academic and poet. His poem 鈥� on the isolation of COVID lock-down hints at the potential loneliness of a post-physical world. You can see more of his work .

If you or someone you know needs support, you are not alone. Call lifeline: 13 11 14