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When and how did people arrive in Australia? What have been the major changes in our climate? How did the landscapes, plants and animals respond to altered conditions?

These are all interesting questions, but – besides fulfilling our inherent curiosity – what benefit or value comes from answering them?

 says it goes beyond the need to simply find a missing piece to a puzzle. He firmly believes that answering these questions about our past will lead to a better future.

“To adapt successfully to future challenges, we must dramatically improve our understanding of Australia’s past,” Professor Roberts says. “History governs where we are now and our immediate trajectory.

“By filling these vast gulfs in our knowledge, we will be better able to predict environmental changes and the knock-on effects for biodiversity and Indigenous heritage. We will be better placed to protect our precious national assets.”

Leading the search

Headquartered at UOW and led by Professor Roberts, the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage () is starting to discover more about our continent’s rich history.

CABAH brings together researchers from science, technology, engineering and mathematics with scholars from the humanities, arts and social sciences.

Professor Roberts says new insights from these disciplines will transform our knowledge of past environments and human activities in Australia and the neighbouring regions to our north.

“Creating an environment in which researchers from very different disciplines can collaborate revolutionises the way we investigate the processes that shaped this continent and the story of its people,” he says.

Setting a date

Professor Roberts, an Australian Laureate Fellow with the , has spent much of his career investigating turning points in human evolution and dispersal.

“I’m interested in how Australia has got to be the way it is, how we got to be the way we are as a human species and what effect we might have had on the making of the Australia we see before us today,” Professor Roberts says.

He has been at the forefront of pioneering research in geochronology and built the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating laboratory at UOW into one of the most research-active in the world. OSL dating is used to determine the time since naturally occurring minerals were last exposed to light. This gives researchers a more accurate timeline for artefacts, fossils or other evidence of past climates buried in the sediments.

“Accurate dating of key events in Earth’s history is fundamental to provide an historical framework,” he says. “OSL dating has created new opportunities to investigate human interactions with their environments.”

Luminescence dating has had a major impact on our understanding of human settlement and migration patterns, by providing a reliable timeline for important archaeological and palaeoanthropological discoveries.

Professor Roberts led the dating of the cave deposits on the island of Flores, Indonesia, where the skeleton of a new species of human, Homo floresiensis – nicknamed The Hobbit – was discovered in 2003.

He has also applied single-grain OSL techniques to piece together the timing and routes of humans across South Asia and contributed key data to debates on megafaunal extinction events in Australia.

Leaving the world to the next generation

On top of searching for answers to Australia’s past, CABAH is encouraging young scientists of the future through education and outreach programs at Australian schools and museums.

“Our groundbreaking research discoveries will be taken into Australian school curricula and shared with the wider community through these exciting programs,” Professor Roberts says.

 And it seems the next generation already understand our future challenges with Professor Roberts seeing a change in the attitudes of his current students and young researchers.

“Students now are going to inherit the earth that we leave them and they realise it’s not going well,” Professor Roberts says. “People do come through with a much more open attitude to how they can help the planet.

“I do think we are getting to a tipping point where people need to reimagine what the world can be like going forward. We can’t continue along this train for the next 200 years. As a university student, your responsibility is to your community and to the world at large – we’ve got to be community-minded going forward to save the planet.”

Epic Australian history

Professor Roberts says Australia’s cultural heritage, landscapes and biodiversity are under threat. If we are to build a more sustainable future and more fairly manage our finite resources, we urgently need to understand our environmental history and Indigenous heritage.

“If we can fill the missing pages of the past, there’s every chance we can influence the upcoming chapters of our epic story.”